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Contaminated water from mining, oil and gas, effluent management or municipal support industries can contain high levels of heavy metals, acids, and other toxic substances, which can pollute surface and groundwater sources. This can harm aquatic ecosystems, reduce water quality, and make water resources unsuitable for human consumption or agricultural use.

Contaminated water can also leach into or be sprayed onto surrounding soil, seriously affecting plant growth and soil quality, and potentially leading to the uptake of toxic substances by crops, flora and fauna and can also be harmful to human health.

Contaminated water can also have direct health impacts on people, both through direct contact and through the consumption of contaminated water, contact with contaminated soil or plants and where food grown is grown in or been in contact with contaminated soil. Exposure to heavy metals and other toxic substances can lead to a range of health problems, including cancer, neurological damage, and reproductive disorders.

The impacts of contaminated water can persist for many years after physical operations have ceased. Toxic substances can remain in soil and water sources for decades and can continue to affect ecosystems and human health long after operations at the site has ended.

All operational areas are subject to a range of environmental regulations and laws and disposing of contaminated water in ways that violate these regulations can lead to legal and financial liabilities for those companies or employees. In many cases, these responsibilities may continue well after operations have ceased.